Precise depth-resolved ocean temperature and salinity measurements are essential for understanding critical processes that influence weather patterns (such as hurricane formation), ocean circulation dynamics (including offshore oil spill tracking), and enhancing seasonal-to-interannual forecasting capabilities (particularly for El Niño events). While passive remote sensing has been extensively utilized to study ocean systems and has significantly advanced our understanding of oceanic influences on Earth's climate, it faces a fundamental limitation: the inability to provide depth-resolved information about these key oceanographic parameters.
We present a concept for a lidar instrument designed for flexible deployment from both aerial and marine platforms to measure vertical profiles of salinity and temperature. This sensor incorporates innovative technologies, including a high spectral resolution, wide field-of-view interferometer (Brillouin asymmetric spatial heterodyne, "BASH") and advanced gated single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array cameras. We report on recent progress in prototype design development and describe the testing facilities established for validation prior to field deployment. This capability will significantly enhance weather forecasting accuracy and support other national priorities, including offshore energy operations, submarine and anti-submarine warfare, maritime surveillance, and navigation systems.